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Lab Panels

10 common blood test panels explained — what they screen for, which biomarkers are included, and how often to test.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

10 biomarkers

Anemia, infection, immune deficiency, blood clotting disorders, blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma), chronic inflammation, nutritional deficiencies (iron, B12, folate), bone marrow disorders, and medication side effects that affect blood cell production.

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

15 biomarkers

Diabetes and pre-diabetes (glucose), kidney disease (BUN, creatinine, eGFR), liver disease (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin), electrolyte imbalances (sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2), dehydration, acid-base disorders, protein malnutrition, and bone metabolism issues (calcium).

Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)

8 biomarkers

Blood sugar abnormalities (hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia), kidney dysfunction, electrolyte imbalances that can affect heart rhythm and muscle function, dehydration, and acid-base disorders. It is the go-to panel for monitoring patients on diuretics, blood pressure medications, or IV fluids.

Lipid Panel

5 biomarkers

Cardiovascular disease risk, atherosclerosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance (via triglycerides), and response to lipid-lowering medications. Abnormal lipids are one of the strongest modifiable risk factors for heart attack and stroke.

Thyroid Panel

5 biomarkers

Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (autoimmune hypothyroidism), Graves' disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism), thyroid conversion issues (T4-to-T3), sick euthyroid syndrome, and subclinical thyroid dysfunction that standard TSH-only testing may miss.

Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

8 biomarkers

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD/NASH), alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis (viral, autoimmune, toxic), cirrhosis, bile duct obstruction, medication-induced liver injury, liver cancer, and overall liver synthetic function. The De Ritis ratio (AST/ALT) helps differentiate between types of liver damage.

Iron Studies

4 biomarkers

Iron deficiency anemia (the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide), iron overload (hemochromatosis), chronic disease anemia, inflammatory states (ferritin as acute phase reactant), restless leg syndrome, and unexplained fatigue. In athletes, it detects exercise-induced iron depletion before anemia develops.

Inflammatory Markers

5 biomarkers

Chronic systemic inflammation, cardiovascular disease risk (hs-CRP), autoimmune disease activity, infection, hidden inflammatory conditions, post-surgical complications, and response to anti-inflammatory interventions (diet, exercise, supplements, medications).

Hormone Panel

9 biomarkers

Testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism), estrogen dominance or deficiency, adrenal dysfunction (cortisol), PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), infertility, perimenopause and menopause, andropause (male hormone decline), thyroid-hormone interactions, and pituitary gland disorders (LH, FSH, prolactin).

Vitamin & Mineral Panel

7 biomarkers

Vitamin D deficiency (affects 42% of US adults), vitamin B12 deficiency (common in vegetarians and older adults), folate deficiency, magnesium deficiency (affects up to 68% of Americans), zinc deficiency (immune and hormonal impacts), selenium deficiency (thyroid function), and iron deficiency. These nutrients are critical for immune function, energy production, bone health, cognitive function, and thyroid metabolism.