Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returning carbon dioxide. It is the single most important marker for diagnosing anemia.
Low hemoglobin (anemia) causes fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and poor exercise tolerance. Causes include iron deficiency (most common worldwide), chronic disease, B12/folate deficiency, blood loss, bone marrow disorders, and chronic kidney disease.
High hemoglobin (polycythemia) can result from chronic hypoxia (altitude, lung disease, sleep apnea), dehydration, or myeloproliferative disorders. Athletes may have higher hemoglobin from training-induced erythropoiesis.
What It Measures
Concentration of hemoglobin protein in whole blood, reflecting oxygen-carrying capacity.
Reference Ranges
| Status | Range (g/dL) |
|---|---|
| Optimal | 14.0–17.0 g/dL (men), 12.5–15.5 g/dL (women) |
| Normal | 13.5–17.5 g/dL (men), 12.0–16.0 g/dL (women) |
| Borderline | 12.0–13.5 g/dL (men), 11.0–12.0 g/dL (women) |
| Out of Range | < 12.0 g/dL (men), < 11.0 g/dL (women) |
How GATOR Tracks This
Lab Providers
Related Biomarkers
This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Reference ranges may vary by laboratory and individual factors. Consult a qualified healthcare provider for interpretation of your results and treatment decisions.
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